Craniotomy, in the general public opinion and input on mystery thriller sense, some people even think craniotomy equal to die, but it is only in the eyes of the surgeon Neurosurgery in a basic operation, when the brain tumor, cerebral hemorrhage, infarction, severe brain trauma, surgical treatment must be, the first operation is a craniotomy. So, in the end craniotomy how dangerous? Let us through to the ancient times, understand the present and past lives craniotomy.
Ancient craniotomy
Craniotomy exactly when the origin? There are scholars believe that the earliest skull specimens around 3000 BC, its origin can be divided into Europe, South America and the Pacific, several centers. Judging from the number of specimens, most of South America, possibly as many as 1,000 cases, followed by Europe, mainly in Central Europe, Africa, North America and Asia found less. Our anthropologist Han Kangxin in his "Chinese ancient craniotomy" and other works of ancient human skull artificial perforation conducted in-depth research, that these specimens are the physical evidence of the original Chinese craniotomy. If indeed archaeologists said, the AD 170 to 208 years, a generation of geniuses Hua Tuo to treat patients with craniotomy history can not be said conjuring, Hua Tuo will at least general anesthesia, according to "The Three Kingdoms. Hua Biography" load, Hua Tuo had invented "Mafeisan," to anesthesia patient for surgery.
Objective ancient craniotomy for living people in addition to head disease, also contain ingredients witch doctor, and the sooner the era of prehistoric times more likely to be the case. According to literature, and some ethnological materials, ancient craniotomy is using some simple stone or metal tools bone fragments removed from the skull, without damaging the dura, blood vessels and brain tissue under the bone. Craniotomy disinfection, the original doctor may use carbon powder, hot sand, cedar resin prior disinfection. Hemostasis, some with squeezed juice of a plant to stop the bleeding, which is rich in tannins, some with honey butter, immature coconut water washed the wound, and padded with bark fabric. Disinfection and anesthesia, are basically using alcohol. As the Serbs with wine, Ugandans with palm wine, the ancient Egyptians also know that the use of opium. Indian cocoa and Datura leaves to relieve pain, and some people do not use local anesthesia, and to pray for some kind of witchcraft instead.
Not difficult to imagine, and now automated drill, milling cutter, compared with stone or metal tools craniotomy, is obviously extremely dangerous, while the original hemostasis and anesthesia, sterilization methods, such craniotomy close to zero chance of survival, to wonder Hua Cao Cao would call to do a craniotomy was furious, after all, the year craniotomy equal to die.
Why modern craniotomy greatly reduce the risk?
19th century, modern craniotomy on the basis of anesthesia, sterile technique was born in the United Kingdom on the development of its early stage of development and maturity in the early 20th century after the United States. 1879, MacEwen in Glasgow for the first time formally craniotomy, he successfully removed a patient a flat left anterior cranial fossa meningioma, get good results, after a few years he was successful for one case of brain abscess We were craniotomy abscess drainage and two cases of chronic subdural hematoma. Birth craniotomy accompanied by various difficulties, such as lack of a shortage of surgical experience of surgical instruments, preoperative and postoperative treatment is not strict, severe postoperative cerebral edema and intracranial infection, these brutal facts craniotomy is full of history sad one. However, the great healer does not stop in the face of pain and failure, but continue to explore new diagnostic and treatment technologies are emerging.
Beginning of the last century, Harvey Cushing (HarveyWilliams Cushing, 1869 ~ 1939), an American surgeon and writer, specializing in neurosurgery, brain surgery on technology improved, invented the high-frequency electric knife and electric coagulation applied craniotomy surgery to stop bleeding, have been he first proposed surgery to suture the dura and subgaleal, thereby reducing leakage and wound infection, these principles are still far neurosurgical community followed. (Cushing's syndrome in 1912, thus named by Harvey Cushing first reported).
After Harvey Cushing in 1970, English engineer Hounsfield (Hounsfield) in neuroradiology made an epoch-making invention, namely computer tomographic X sweep (CT). This non-invasive diagnostic techniques to check the horizontal craniotomy to an unprecedented level. The early 1980s, another diagnostic technique - magnetic resonance imaging techniques (MRI) for clinical use, to make up for lack of CT diagnosis craniotomy brought another big leap.
Today neurosurgery has entered the era of microsurgery, craniotomy perfect addition to bleeding, anesthesia, sterile, and imaging conditions, in the operative field microscope is amplified greatly improve the accuracy of surgery, skull under the soft brain tissue is greatly reduced the chance of accidental injury. With the rapid advances in computer technology and robotics, the future craniotomy may be completed by the robot, and surgeons compared robots have a more acute sense of touch and extraordinary "vision" into the brain of the robot route is more accurate, nor is it straight forward, but in accordance with tortuous road ahead, can reduce brain damage maximum extent.
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