Mathematical theory used to play poker or other indoor games can also provide clues to the origin of life.
At first glance you wonder: is used to describe business competition, the fight against terrorists and the mathematical theory of poker and the origin of life you can actually have a relationship? You absolutely can not think.
Game theory - a branch of mathematics used to describe the strategy to interact - often considered to be a calculus explain indoor game. At first, the concept for the analysis of the results is that the losing side of things lost to the winning side double game (zero-sum game). John von Neumann is like playing poker mathematician, physicist and computer scientist, he invented game theory in the 1920s, used to quantify the advantages and disadvantages of different options, such as the decision to raise or call . The 1940s von Neumann and economist Oskar Morgan Shi Yampertown total of "Game Theory and Economic Behavior", intends to use game theory completely changed the economy.
Game theory economists popular slower, but it a go in other places, such as analysis of the Cold War strategy. 1950s game theory developed under John Nash efforts. Nash is more difficult mathematician prototype "A Beautiful Mind," a book and movie of the same name.
Nash think game theory suitable for game-like complex situation: where there are several players, each with a variety of strategies. Nash made, there is always a combination of policy, in the case of everyone make every effort to make the right choice, so that every player can get the most revenue. At this point, everyone is reluctant to change strategy. That means the game (or the economy, or will the international situation) has reached a steady state, or equilibrium is called.
"Nash equilibrium" has become the core concepts of game theory, game theory will be extended to a plurality of human behavior disciplines, including psychology, sociology, political science and economics. 1970, George Price (George Price) and John Maynard Smith (John Maynard Smith) the concept of Nash equilibrium will be fine-tuned and applied to competition between species to survive, thus entering the biological game theory field. An ecosystem, can make all the niche where the members have the greatest chance of survival, which means that these species together to establish a "stable evolutionary strategy."
In other words, animals and people, you can choose from a variety of different strategies. For example, you can choose a cat-and-mouse to be purring at you ask you get cat food. But for most organisms on alternative behavioral strategy not so much. In a full hawk and dove island, acts of aggression policy hawk, pigeons can only be a passive strategy, simply because this is the behavior of these two birds. When the hawk and dove to make the relative number of other birds do not get any added benefit, it became stable evolutionary strategy.
As some scientists have said, if the animal can be by virtue of their innate behavior game, it is not difficult to imagine that game theory can be extended to biomolecules.
KatrinBohl and its partners last year in "molecular biological systems" published an article said: "In general, in addition to whole organisms, the impact (indirect effects) of their reproduction macromolecules can also be seen as players'. many of their features can be seen as a strategy to become a game theory model players' cognitive skills and not necessarily rational. "
In fact, many times you will truly feel the chemical reaction is a kind of competition between the molecules, which are arranged in a certain objective best. Like economics competitors want to maximize individual interests, a bunch of molecules hope to achieve the most stable energetically - this is by reaching a lowest energy state to achieve. Nash game theory inside the stable state called "equilibrium" is not accidental, he was clearly the game's balance point compared equilibrium chemical reactions. (Prior to mathematics, Nash is a professional student of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering.)
Biological molecules have different strategies (characteristics), in order to help them live organisms survive. For example, the gene is the biological survival and reproduction of the main hero. Some genes an organism has a significant beneficial cooperation strategy. But sometimes characteristic (policy) gene is not so beneficial creatures, but it uses other cooperation between genes, "draped bandwagon" is passed to the next generation. Bohl and his colleagues say they are "parasite genome," as those who rely on social security, but they find ways to tax evasion people.
There are also examples of molecules as players'. Certain protein folding into a rigid structure, while the other protein structure more flexible. There are rigid or flexible depending on the number of proteins interact with the protein. The strategy can be seen as rigidity and flexibility, these protein interactions can be analyzed using game theory. Same game theory analysis can also be used virus - between biological and non-biological genetic material between. Here, game theory thinking valuable for players' biomedical community (called the doctor) to provide better anti-infection strategy.
Understand the presence of the virus game, so it is not difficult to imagine: the formation of the early Earth, before life appeared on molecular interactions can occur with the use of game theory analysis. Bohl and his colleagues noted: ribozymes (a kind of catalytically active RNA) can self-assemble into a network, this process may provide sufficient complexity of life was born. Nilesh Vaidya 2012 Portland State University and colleagues experimentally demonstrated how this is happening. They published in Nature the results: one ribozyme can catalyze the synthesis of a second and then a second synthetic ribozyme then go to the third one catalytic synthesis. This mutual help ribozyme molecule is the original system of "collaborators"; the other "selfish" ribozyme own only their own synthesis. It seems selfish policies cooperation policy more than contribute to the formation of complex life before the birth, life may provide greater birth.
"Our experiments emphasize the importance of early life stages of molecules in cooperative behavior." Vaidya and colleagues wrote.
So next time I write blog posts speculate game theory can explain the origin of life, please do not laugh. Even if I was joking.
(Author: Tom Seeger Translation: Feng Wei)
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