[On] chenghuang
Cheng Huang originally referred to the city's guardian deity. "Book" has a "big wax emperor eight", Han Zheng Xuan scribes do not know by what according to note "eight wax by: ......, water Yong also seven, eight insects also." Yong refers ditch water, dry moat means no water moat. Perhaps water and Cheng Huang Yong protective meaning, water Yong was later evolution as the guardian deity of the city, called the City God. When there is often the old city at the Temple, but not every Cheng Huang Yong is virtualized water. Chenghuang some places are specific, instead of with dead people. As Pang Yu, the Tang Dynasty is not only the generals, the Song Dynasty has also been described as Hueiji City God. Beijing has said Cheng Huang Wen Tianxiang, also said Yang Jisheng. Such reified chenghuang not only celebrities, but also ordinary people, such as military Song Dynasty Fan Wang.
Now Temple continent sometimes Connected with goods distribution center or temple together, but chenghuang customary and folk beliefs are related and linked with the concept of netherworld. And Cheng Huang parallel, there are often Magistrate, black and white impermanence and other images. The figure is a Temple in Taipei. Respectively, Ma Tau outermost surface, which is the Chinese culture classic nether jailer image. "Journey to the West" in the Hell Emperor resurrection chapter, had "smelled Guiku number with God, bloody muddy wave lofty height, and countless Tau horse face, ferocious guard Nai River Bridge." Ma Tau face saying from Buddhism "sutra" where there is "Tau jailer, horse Rakshasa, armed with spears" argument. Chenghuang be treated as a representative of the image of the underworld not only related to Buddhism, and Taoism also relevant.
Han [Chinese] before the ghosts and the underworld
The so-called "Yin", originally referred to the mountain water from the north south, and also refers to the "yang" opposite side. Sheol refers to a confrontation with the world of the living, sometimes called deep rooms. The so-called "ghost", "said the text" interpretation of the return of the man, that is, after death exists. Ancients no scientific tool to explain natural phenomena, can not detect and can not be interpreted in a place filled with the spirits, it was no surprise. Primitive man's body is not very different with us, and our ideas are very different. Dreaming we take for granted, perhaps for a primitive in terms sufficient to prove the existence of soul. Until the Jin Dynasty, Ge Hong Speaking of soul, saying "no one relies instead on the Xian Yu has known soul, soul points to the sick person, then do go dead", but also up to the "no known Xian Yu" This level. If you believe that the soul, then I believe in ghosts after death is a matter of course.
It is worth mentioning that the concept of three thousand ghosts seem the same, but the concept is somewhat underworld evolution. Eastern Han Dynasty before the grave and there is no clear authority, and now the Chinese culture in the classic underworld, but there is a series of managers and "operating procedures." Underworld evolution concept, the introduction and development of Buddhism and Taoism about behind also implies the influence of Confucianism, is an example of ancient Chinese thought integration.
In ancient China, the concept of ghosts prevails. Confucius had a "mortal beings, dead will return to the earth, what is called ghost" Such statements, when three generations of ancestors and divination spirits can not escape from view. Archaeological Keyiqueding sacrificial victims and terracotta, but also to judge the ancients believed that after death there is another world. Funeral hierarchy, such as "The Book of Rites" require "the emperor of the quadruple coffin, the coffin was water SI leather, its thick silver" category, which means that those in power would like lifetime status differences continue in another world. Very few people have this doubt, in the Eastern Han Wang Chong, "Lun Heng" there "where ghosts, non-dead spirit of whom are between heaven and earth, all people want to keep the thoughts caused by too." "Man, was also ;. was also was also was a ghost refuses, died alone why can a ghost "and other words?. But this view was not to "mainstream thinking", he refuted the side of the ghost theory reflected the people's views certainly ghost.
"On balance dead pseudo articles" mentioned, "Duke, saint, sage words of the trial, it was nether reality. Nether too real, the three kings for the ghost, Ming carry on." It is speculated that, so hell the concept has been the Eastern Han Dynasty. Earlier, though the concept of spirits has been popular, but the concept of hell has not caught on.
"On balance," which cited "Shan Hai Jing" lost paragraph: "Northern State ...... million ghosts ghosts are also out," but the existing "Shan Hai Jing" in the "ghost States II negative (the legendary god name) north of the corpse, as was a human face and head, "the speech. Here's ghost country can also be understood as a mythical country, so "Shan Hai Jing" ghost country does not have to be understood as the underworld. China's ancient books focus involves a lot of ghosts, including the "Immortals", "Taiping" and the familiar "Strange," which only "Shan Hai Jing" and is well known as early as the Eastern Han Dynasty, the existing "Shan Hai Jing" text estimated to have slips from the Western Han Dynasty. "Shan Hai Jing" records a number of myths and legends, but there is no word such as "hell", "nether" and other related "ghost country" is equivalent to the future generations understand the hell needs doubtful. "Spiritualism" in the "soul come back, this king without Youdou some" is annotated as "underground Nether, it said Youdou" also began in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Another representative of the underworld can say is "Death", before the Qin and Han has been more common. Another View as not to meet the story of their lives do not, and if the tube say "kill Death, death and immortality" here refers to their lives should be somewhere under the ground, because the spring and per capita death underground, such as Mencius said "next drink their lives"; but a virtual space and underground hell this "organized" after all, is not the same group of ghosts.
On the history issue ghosts, Gu Ming and Qing famous scholars in "Rizhilu" extreme point, said, "Zuo Mandarin Fengshan No text, no more than three generations cents on also. Records of Han Dynasty No Ghost that is no more than a ghost on the yuan also. " Yuan-Cheng refers to the Han Emperor EMPEROR.
[ "Import" of the underworld image]
Regardless of the Eastern Han Dynasty before the concept of the local underworld and whether China is now equivalent to the concept of hell, it is certain that, after the Eastern Han Dynasty with the spread of Buddhism in China, and now this argument gradually into the heart of hell. On the return of the ghost in the big man's frame, and hell, reincarnation and other ordinary people are familiar with the details of the underworld, people are accustomed to the underworld have a similar management structure between the male.
Buddhism entered China, possibly as early as the Han Dynasty and Darcy yueshi exchange, to the Eastern Han Dynasty, Buddhism has spread among the court, the three countries have been late Egawa people Zhu Zixing westbound law. Liang's "A Brief History Rise and Fall of Chinese Buddhism" that "after the Eastern Jin Dynasty Dharma Dachang," and that "subject to the emperors and the literati give the person a lot of preaching." Liang also mentioned at the beginning of the Buddhist people contacts, because life can not be maintained once the evening, "Wen Tathagata Buddha can save the suffering, who do not want to self-care shelter." It stands to reason, life is better, the smaller the space spirits exist, because people can not control the fate of the more, the easier recourse to the spirits. On the other hand, "the other side of Chinese culture lacks mysticism, Buddhism fill the vacuum" (by Zhou You Guang). Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Tang Dynasty Buddhist temple many that allow you to determine, not later than the Northern and Southern Buddhism when they already have a good mass base.
After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the concept of hell in our habits, emerging organizational framework. Various characters (to be a ghost) also center stage, which contains the City God. Because the concept of hell Ming has basically been stabilized, we are still in "Journey to the West" as an example.
Emperor Hell resurrection chapter "ghost," In addition to Ma Tau face, as well as judge, Qin Guang Wang ten generations Hades, Qiu, bridges and other messengers. Fifty-eighth back to the "turn a temple a temple, a sudden, ten kings will Qi, and the king of the underworld and people fly reported. On doing Senluo Temple, poly Yinbing point, and so capture the true and false", a possession of the underworld boss posture. Although the "Journey to the West" is just fiction, but there's a description and folk traditions impression of the underworld are similar. Ksitigarbha apparently derived from Buddhism: "impatience does not move, like the earth, peaceful contemplation deep secret, like a cache of" and Guanyin, Monju, Fugen tied.
The tenth generation, also known as 10 Temple Yama Yama, "Journey to the West" on the Underworld with the same name as the Ming Dynasty fairy hodgepodge "ancient gods Chronicle" substantially similar, only some of the text or the order "City Bian Wang" and "become king" so homophones nuances of words. The latter will be in possession of, listening to, and the King of Ghosts Fengdu 10 Temple Yama put together, attributed to the four famous mountains in Jiuhua. Jizo Bodhisattva called Daci nether leader, ten Yama but with the Chinese surname, such as Qin Guang Wang Xiao Qin did not name (no surname Wang Bian Bian city). "Wei" mentioned "and Chao beginning to die 2277 provided one thousand monks are all together, so that seven monks", perhaps a book described in the Tang Dynasty, "ten kings Buddha Sutra" inside, "the first seven days , Qin Guang Wang, "" second, seven, over the beginning of the river king ", after seventy-seven eight hundred days, in 2091 (I was not sure how long), three years and tens of five runner king. Visible, ten Yama and Buddhism inseparable from, and the time appeared much earlier than the Ming Dynasty, at least it can be inferred Tang has a similar argument.
Room was originally a judge office, only after Don. Tang country is divided into ten, each equipped with two judge to supervise the censor. Hell the word "judge" also appeared in the Tang Dynasty, such as "Fa Yuan Zhu Lin," Volume 89 "ten nine, France, died. Buried in the field ...... asked to send payment judge." Indian religions also have a judge saying. This concept stems from the underworld judge whether foreign or domestic, or both combined is, I have yet to find determine argument.
[ "Domestic" in the underworld image]
The other two images in the underworld Feng Caesar and Dongyuetaidi is "made in China", they hid and tied for the Chinese traditional beliefs of the underworld leader. Domestic ghost country in the Han Dynasty is considered located in Taishan, "Han" recorded in Volume 90 Wuhuan "make the gods go Chishan guard dead. Chishan northwest Liaodong thousands of miles, as the soul of the deceased Chinese man of God normalized loans mountains." That Daishan Tarzan, Tarzan and later near the pole where the dead are treated as a gathering place. "Folk Songs phase and" in one wrote: "Whose Artemisia, the soul without amassing a primary Xian Yu ghost He urged phase, human life can not be a little hesitant.". By the Mount onwards, gradually developed a Tarzan God Dongyuetaidi management underworld dynasties rulers who contribute to this shortage. Three of Zhuge Liang good parent Yin (ie Liang Fu Yin), located near Mount Liang Fu, also known collectively as dead, so Liang Fu Yin also used as funeral song. Various Sketchbooks and previously cited "Rizhilu", often can be found Taishan Managing Ghosts argument. Dongyue Taishan with the spirits, and now people may have felt very strange.
Tarzan of the Jin Ge Hong avoid, in the "pillow book" proposes five parties eight ghost emperor, such as "Zhang Heng Yang Yun northern ghost emperor, cure Luo Feng Mountain." Eight ghost emperor and not that much, "Pillow Book" article is an attempt to complete the immortal system, the whole chapter full name immortal, Taoist worship is a polytheistic religion. Some critics say "pillow book" Writing and Buddhism-related dispute, because it was Taoism are building their own knowledge systems, and the establishment of a system of processes affected by Buddhism. Luo Feng Feng rumors of Sichuan are too far-fetched, because Luo Feng belong to the north, Sichuan to the South-West. "Pillow Book" ancient upper tray, also points out Taoism and Taoist Taoist name seems to really not like. Luo Feng Shan manager Southern Dynasties Hongjing record is no longer Zhang Heng and Yang Yun, began to appear in the Great Fengdu Ghost and prison systems. Ge Hong's five parties eight ghost emperor to Hongjing hands on the basic discreditable. Taoist immortals system thus established procedure does not know arithmetic forgotten their ancestors, or count the times, perhaps because of Taoist Tai God is not made themselves out, there are many Taoist books to Feng Caesar's position on the above Dongyuetaidi.
Ghost world ripe, in fact, is a virtual person in the world. People often imagine reality unknown, underworld inevitably framework similar to earth. Because China is the dominant ideology of Confucianism, folk beliefs inevitably influence of Confucianism, "hell" is no exception. As just one example, an article in the Jianghuai region spread despair Tang described the government to persuade ten cards, there is "a world dedicated to advising people King Sambo, the second advising people to burn incense and worship saints ...... eight brothers Mo urges people around the house divided nine aunts advising people who you're going good, ten wives persuade people they must not quarrel, "I do not think there are two Buddhist thought Guannameduo family relationships. ( "Don despair" when making ceremony for a number of songs sung by folk superstition, witch is part of the local culture, may result from the Song Dynasty. Wu is the explanation for the mysterious primitive religious ceremony, Han Buddhism by the impact, but did not quit the stage of history. Han Dynasty famous Witchcraft prison, Song "Road traffic Chiu Xie, Artists vestiges of the law," the statement) Taoism established local Chinese spirits world, the underworld concept of its development absorbed the human society Ratings system. Variety is slowly positioning spirits, there are spirits from Buddhism, Confucius Yan Hui, Cheng Huang also Dongyuetaidi and local religious image like this.
[Folk and the official probe into the difference image]
Compared to Feng Caesar, Chenghuang status is much lower, but is also absorbed into Taoism, China's own underworld spirits of a system. This time no later than the Song Dynasty, perhaps as early as Datang North Korea. Song of the "Taiping" records, "Wu Wei vulgar ghosts, each county must City God," "the beginning of a dream ...... Gui Shi Feng City God life", these stories cited freely "Ji Wen", " retribution "and other Chinese works. If the Tang Dynasty folk underworld of the City God has, it seems official chenghuang only as the patron saint of the city. For example, Tang Cheng Huang did not mention ghosts or worship the underworld: "Chaozhou Han Yu ...... sacrifice to God chenghuang between those who will be in Yin Yu disaster, not to be for the tribute to the gods, so the punishment of convicted and down. , are based on June Prince, running sub-divisions, begging sunny in Myeong God. " "Full Tang" There are some records on the City God worship, but not obvious relates to the underworld and ghosts.
Taoism from the "File" point of view, when Song Cheng Huang is a Taoist underworld system, but a very low position. In the Southern Song Dynasty "supernatant Lingbao Dafa", the first three clear, and land Chenghuang last. Therefore Temple, the same one in the house, there are two sides chenghuang reasonable Ma Tau face, there is unreasonable to possession of hell.
Song described in "Yi Ren surprise, as set like Temple", where Li Miao who is a fellow who described chenghuang concept has spread in the folk. The official worship similar to the Tang dynasty with no protruding chenghuang underworld property. As "too Zuping Ze, Lu still offering jacket temple, Taishan City God." The official probe into Taoism lovers Huizong also been bestowed, bestowed during the Qin Hui Hou Bogong are. Judging from the name, what "spiritual care", "Valiant", can not see the obvious influence of Taoism, might just be the patron saint of the city as the City God. Subsequent Yuan, Ming, and the sacrifice of the Town God has bestowed continues. For example, once the Ming Cheng Huang depending Hangzhengdanwei given a different title. But from the point of view spread stories, folk expect to not only protect the city chenghuang or good weather, but it hopes more stark choice. Ming and Qing dynasties, became the people Cheng Huang common belief Chenghuang Temple Fair and parade has become a lively folk season, even when some of the Temple began to build the stage.
Cheng Huang of the meaning of evolution, the process of integration and development, explains why there is more than Cheng Huang Temple and its subordinates, there are often many other objects of worship, such as possession of hell. Some objects do not even know the origin of worship where, as a probe into all the relatives. For example, Taipei Xia Hai Temple was built towards Xianfeng, which in addition to City God, two judge, as well as Mercy and Jizo, there is a series of subordinate Cheng Huang civilian and military staff, and even Matchmaker and Mrs. Cheng Huang et al., A total of 200 more statues.
[Today]
To today, the City God worship in the ideological field obviously no longer popular. Temple surviving there are many, not only the mainland and Taiwan, Singapore and South Korea also have, but most of the continent Temple has been abandoned, or because the good location made for the small business center. Temple continent is no longer considered a worship place, and after the founding of the movement about, after exercise is stopped, there is no universal worship Cheng Huang recovery. Nowadays more and more people living in cities, the people on the mainland Shenghuoshuiping overall is getting better, people are enjoying the product of automobile air-conditioned mobile phones and other technological development, nor worship the City God because not being punished.
Cheng Huang was originated from the worship, the process of establishing Chinese underworld "bureaucratic" system, as well as the City God Worship in China decline today, we see an idol is created, modified, and was overthrown process. Ancient god bless hope a favorable weather, the city of peace, the ancients to build or invent a system spirits in their blind spot, which people today can laugh.
Finally, Southern Ghost stories "Ming Lu" included a story "Dream pregnant" as the end, it can be attributed to the ancients fantasy, I think people today only when it is a piece of it: "Jin salty and early, Xu Jing travel, dream sleep with his wife, pregnant. return next year, his wife produce fruit after they spoke carry on. "
(Author: PLL)
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