In order to meet the needs of future naval warfare, military powers are struggling to be able to dominate the development of advanced maritime battlefield weapons. In this context, supercavitation by the world's major military powers of attention, they put a lot of effort and money ultra cavitation technology for weapons systems.
Supercavitation is to improve marine military strength, especially the attack aircraft carrier battle groups to improve the ability of key technologies. US Department of Defense has ultra high speed cavitation weapons of 24 major weapons technology needs worldwide pay close attention to the inclusion of Russia, Germany is always being developed and improved supercavitation missiles. Many experts predict that once supercavitation weapons technology to solve some of the key future maritime operations model will significantly change.
Origin: AUV drag growth
As the saying goes: "soldiers rapidly," speed greatly affects the operational performance of naval equipment. Because the density of water is much higher than the density of air, naval equipment such resistance in the water hundreds of times its air resistance of the air speed of the aircraft is cruising speed only. And because the propulsion energy proportional to the cube of the speed required for a submerged object, namely to make the speed doubling the propulsion system must provide eight times as much energy, and therefore want to make speed significantly improved by a conventional method appears to be some weakness.
To effectively reduce the resistance of the underwater vehicle, the world using a variety of techniques, comprising fibers arranged in the surface molecules on the surface of the coated object viscoelastic material, the gas diffusion through the porous surface of the object and the boundary between the water injection layer of bubbles, etc., which supercavitation been widespread concern in the world.
Supercavitation is a physical phenomenon object underwater speed of movement, when the object underwater movement, with increasing speed of the object, the liquid inside the partial pressure of decreasing, if the object speed is increased to a certain point, the liquid internal partial pressure is lower than the saturation vapor pressure, at this time, the interface of a liquid or solid and liquid vapor or gas bubbles form, and this process is called cavitation bubbles are formed vacuoles. Completely or almost completely surrounded by a moving object under certain conditions, the formation of vacuoles is supercavitation. After supercavitation formation, moving objects completely or almost completely surrounded by vacuoles, so that moving objects in contact with the medium becomes air from water, similar to the movement of objects in the air, using supercavitation technology allows underwater objects reduce the resistance of more than 90%.
During World War II, Germany earliest Supercavitation experimental and theoretical study and applied to underwater weapons, along with World War II, research was temporarily stopped. Ukrainian Institute of Fluid Mechanics of the former Soviet Union in 1960 and started to develop supercavitation weapons in the mid-1970s, the successful development of the "Storm" torpedo, and in 1997 the armed forces, speeds of up to 100 m / s, is the traditional torpedo 3-5 times the speed. Germany in the 1970s research project SMG3 type Supercavitating projectile-type mines, in the 1980s proposed modifications supercavitation projectile mine project. In the 1990s, with the support of the US Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and the Naval Research Agency, the Naval Undersea Warfare Center developed supercavitation two purposes, one is high-speed underwater ammunition system, another is a large underwater supercavitation body.
From a technical advantage supercavitation weapons and future operational requirements at sea two perspectives, supercavitation technology will be used to complete a number of tasks Navy. If it contains such a small machine guns Underwater AUV proximity to each other using high-speed "bullet underwater" in the water remote multi-stage missile can SUPERCAVITY missile defense system failure, sailing fast dozens of miles underwater close to the target, space-based and space-based defenses are difficult to respond good performance of high-speed anti-torpedo torpedo supercavitation will be able to complete the task of anti-torpedo defense light weapons supercavitation minor changes can enhance the airborne platform deal ability underwater targets, the weapon can be fired at distant sUPERCAVITY weapons can also be used in the future in conjunction with underwater unmanned vehicles such stealth platform remote long endurance, to perform tasks in high-risk areas .
Status: vehicles with assault weapons and try
Supercavitation technology continues to develop, the world's military powers researchers have to develop the next generation as the direction of the new concept of weapons, and formed a supercavitation water craft, supercavitation underwater vehicle, supercavitation ammunition, super vacuoles missile supercavitation earth penetrator as the representative of a series of "supercavitation weapons."
Supercavitation water craft
Supercavitation water craft mainly refers supercavitation ships, namely by using a bubble covering the entire surface of the ship's hull, so that the hull is not in direct contact with the water, thereby reducing water resistance and improve ship speed. August 10, 2011, the United States Juliet Ship Systems, Inc. announced the world's first ship using supercavitation design principle - "ghost" sign. "Ghost" was the ship's engine by two loading buoys in the T53-L-703 turboshaft engines that drive the hull located in front of the nacelle rotation of the propeller, the propeller to produce "super cavitation" effect, the maximum speed up to 50 knots. Comprising radar stealth performance, can carry torpedoes and with computerized control function without any crew to perform operational tasks.
Supercavitation Underwater Vehicle
US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency proposed Supercavitation "Underwater Express" program, to develop a diameter of 2.43 meters, the quality of 60 tons, can dive to 6 meters depth to 100 km / h speed continuous sailing over empty soaked under transport boats, used to transport high-value goods and operations teams, General Dynamics electric boat company and Nuosiluopu? to participate in research projects. General Dynamics Electric Boat Company due to a long history in the Navy submarine and submarine weapons development aspects of it over the past few decades has been at the forefront of research supercavitation technology. Nuosiluopu also studying supercavitation technology, and production of a variety of underwater vehicle.
Supercavitation ammunition
Supercavitation munitions, including SUPERCAVITY underwater bullets and shells supercavitation. For underwater attack, Naval Undersea Warfare Center developed supercavitation underwater bullet, its flat head, emitted from underwater machine guns, muzzle velocity close to the conventional emission muzzle velocity bullets in the air. Supercavitation shells is a flat shells launched by improved rapid-fire, it can be a smooth sail in the air and water, and with advanced targeting capabilities, can be used to eliminate the water near the surface and floating mines triggered mines. The US Navy is considering the deployment of a vehicle equipped for surface ship deck RAMICS close-in weapon system for the eradication of the deadly coda guided torpedoes. Supercavitation shells next technology will be developed by the adaptive full speed underwater underwater ammunition artillery systems, to build ships underwater defense.
Supercavitation missile
Typical Supercavity missiles, including Russia's "Storm" torpedoes, missiles and German Barracuda Iran's "whale" torpedoes. At present, Russia developed the second generation of the "Storm" torpedo, with a strong mobility, the use of engine thrust vector control engine gas reflux head were supercavitation qi, its speed can reach 200 m / s, can range up to 100 km. German Development Barracuda 2.2 Mi missile length, diameter 120 mm, weight 50 kg, speed 120 m / s, mainly used to protect ships and submarines from torpedo attacks. Iran successfully developed a high-speed torpedo "whale" can be launched from surface ships, into the water speed up to 100 m / s, from the torpedo shape, speed, launch trajectory of the bubble plume and, using supercavitation .
Supercavitation Earth Penetrator
Supercavitation not only in a liquid medium, can also be used in the solid medium. As long as the movement speed of the object is fast enough, it can be traveling during any media, including water, soil or concrete "pushed" to both sides, so that it formed around the air bubbles, resulting in "air" in the "flight." According to reports, the US Naval Surface Warfare Center and Luokexide Martin supercavitation use a high-performance technology developed penetrating bombs. Such as the "boring" king of the bomb changed the traditional earth penetrator warheads and streamline the thick elastomer type design, with a new shell technology and blunt, which can be drilled to a depth of 300 rice, 10 times higher than the current US arsenal of the most powerful type of BLU-113 penetrating projectile's penetration capability, but it also significantly increases the amount of charge. The Pentagon revealed that this new concept Supercavity penetrating bombs will be used to destroy deep underground bunkers, the combustion type warhead will burn the enemy underground arsenal of chemical and biological agents.
Breakthrough: bubble generation, navigation control, propulsion systems and other technical research
Although significant progress has been made SUPERCAVITY weapons, but the next stage of development of weapons still supercavitation breakthroughs including the bubble generation, navigation and propulsion control system and a series of key technologies, in order to further expand supercavitation weapons for future applications.
Only around supercavitation arms form and maintain a good shape Supercavity, in order to achieve a huge drag reduction. Weapons need to have the next generation of super-cavitation bubble generating system more flexible, enabling supercavitation weapon systems supercavitation state and normal state transition and be able to achieve "brake" or accelerated object is achieved by reducing the size of the vacuoles.
Supercavitation weapon for his work in fluid mechanics and aerodynamics two extremes two phases with different characteristics in the environment, so for sailing Supercavitation missile also has very strict requirements. Further development supercavitation weapon systems, require front SUPERCAVITY system has pierced the wing cavity wall or "vectored thrust" system, such as the ability to provide mobility SUPERCAVITY arms rocket nozzle. However, due to pressure on Supercavity weapons systems very large indeed, any errors that guided the process exist in a motor, will make weapons supercavitation impact caused by cavitation interior completely destroyed. Therefore, supercavitation weapon system must have a real-time control system, in order to adjust the trajectory supercavitation weapons against the arms striking interior of cavitation.
Supercavitation weapons must rely on rocket engine to generate the required thrust, but a conventional rocket engine in the water has two serious technical defects, namely the limited range and the accompanying increases with increasing depth of thrust and pressure drop. Voyage problem can be limited through the use of high energy density power plant technology to solve, so determined to have the maximum specific impulse, high-density fuel a research key. The study, using a metal fuel (aluminum, manganese or lithium), and using seawater as the oxidant and the combustion products of the coolant efficient gas turbine or jet propulsion system, may be the best way to promote supercavitation implemented maximum speed. Thrust decreases with increasing pressure problem can be the use of specialized supercavitation propeller propulsion technology to be prevented. Supercavitation propeller propulsion technology test showed that compared with the rocket thrust propeller blade offers the potential to be 20%, but only exactly how the interaction between the propeller and the hole, the research work related to the propulsion system in order to achieve real progress.
Can be expected, as countries around the world continue to supercavitation awareness of technology, future applications supercavitation technology will significantly change the maritime combat mode.
(Author: Wu Tong, Huang Zhang, from the National Defense University)
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