Pregnancy in October, mothers regularly to the regular hospital, not only in order to ensure the health of the mother, the fetus and to prevent adverse health The first pregnant mothers, you know what factors will affect the fetus it?
Fetal genetic factors and parental genotypes
Fetal genotype genetic constitution that is clearly in control of the weight of the fetus and newborn growth. According to the research, in determining birth weight and many other factors, the role of the fetal genotype about 20%. As a male fetus genotype may increase birth weight and, therefore, higher than the average weight of newborn male newborn girls 150 to 200 grams.
Genes affect fetal growth and birth weight in the fact that different races have been very obvious. Sex chromosomes and autosomes generally associated with abnormalities of fetal growth retardation. Such as Turner syndrome (45, X0), which were lower than normal birth weight of 10% to 20%. In addition to the genetic composition of the fetus on fetal growth and the role played by genetic control, fetal growth is also affected by parental genetic factors, the impact is estimated at about 20%. Experimental results show that the height and weight of the mother and the newborn's weight significantly positive correlation between height and weight and neonatal weight father seems to have no significant ties. Therefore, the impact of fetal growth factors primarily from the mother's parents. Mother's genotype can also determine the size and function of the womb and affect the growth of the fetus in utero.
placenta
The strength of placental function for fetal growth have an important impact on the weight of the placenta is an important indicator of placental function, and thus often the placenta and fetal weight ratio of a functional condition of the placenta. Statistics show that the weight of the placenta and fetus than the bigger, the faster the growth rate of the fetus.
Experimental results show that the blood circulation in the placenta is a key regulator of the placenta and fetus between material transport, if the reduction in material exchange area between the fetus and the mother, can cause placental fetal growth metabolic status of the placenta is also an important factor in fetal growth a variety of hormones produced by the placenta also clearly regulates the placental material exchange process. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin not only to maintain the corpus luteum to continue to exist, and to make more glucose into the growth of the fetus. Human placental lactogen (HPL) also promote fetal growth. Some scholars believe that the promotion of fetal growth of HPL placenta by stimulating growth hormone production achieved. Progesterone and estrogen produced by the placenta are also involved in regulating fetal growth process. Progesterone can improve maternal fetal blood sugar levels and increase insulin secretion, thereby promoting fetal growth. Estrogen can promote uterine and placental blood circulation, so as to promote fetal growth. Placental defects or function does not significantly affect fetal growth plenary.
Maternal nutritional status
Good maternal nutrition is the foundation of the fetus to get enough nutrients, while the normal placenta is an important condition to obtain fetal nutrition. If a serious shortage of nutrition during pregnancy, fetal growth and development will be seriously hampered. Now, pay attention to pregnant mothers who are nutritional supplements, not elaborate on this.
Fetal hormone
insulin
Fetal blood insulin secreted by the fetal entirely islets. As early as the eighth week of pregnancy, the embryo of the pancreas and blood can be detected trace amounts of insulin. Insulin can not pass the placental barrier, fetal insulin promotes maternal blood through the placenta into the fetus, causing fetal fat deposition, weight gain.
thyroid
Increase the synthesis of thyroid neurotrophic factor, which affects the development of the central nervous system. In addition, also has a great influence on the development of thyroid lungs, bones and other organs.
Growth Hormone
Growth hormone has significant species differences in fetal growth role. For humans, growth hormone and thyroid hormone, as only seems to affect bone development, it does not affect the development of the carcass.
Corticosterone
Secretion of adrenal corticosterone play in certain organs of Maturity (such as lung and small intestine) during a critical role, however, for certain organs which, although glucocorticoids can promote their mature, but its growth there inhibition. Many experiments show that exogenous glucocorticoids inhibit the growth of the fetus, but this role has a strict timing.
Growth factor
A variety of growth factors produced by the fetus for fetal growth has an important regulatory role in research in this area is currently very active. The study revealed a family of low molecular weight polypeptide growth factors on fetal growth have an important role to stimulate cell division and more, its concentration and length of newborns in the cord blood, placental weight and size, the weight of a positive correlation between .
Nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor have certain organs and tissue growth and maturation of the promotion. Epidermal growth factor can promote a variety of cell division, and can accelerate fetal lung maturity. Nerve growth factor can promote the normal development of the nervous system.
Fetal kidney
The presence of the kidney is an important factor necessary for normal fetal growth. Some speculate that the kidney plays an important role in the production of active vitamin D derivative, and this is a reactive derivative of fetal bone growth factor necessary. In addition, growth hormone and kidney-related degradation and discharge, which may be involved in regulating hormone concentrations and activity.
Maternal disease
Any kind of chronic wasting disease maternal, fetal growth may be adversely affected. Where the precursor of fetal hypoxia caused by oxygen deficiency diseases such as anemia, heart disease, chronic glomerulonephritis, etc. can cause fetal growth retardation, severe cases can cause miscarriage, or even death. Affect fetal growth and maternal disease is the most common cardiovascular disease, by interfering with the uterus - placental blood circulation, thereby affecting the material exchange placenta, resulting in slow fetal growth.
Biological teratogen
Some pathogens can cross the placental barrier direct effect on the some microbes are not a direct effect on the embryo, but the influence of the mother and the placenta, causing maternal fever, hypoxia, dehydration, shock or cause a change in placental function, placental barrier damage, thus indirectly affect embryo growth and development.
Rubella virus and cytomegalovirus can cause fetal growth not only slow, but also can cause fetal malformations.
Rubella virus is a biological teratogen first to be discovered. Early pregnancy rubella virus infection, about 15% to 20% of fetal heart defects and cataracts, but also appears small head, small eyes, congenital deafness and other malformations, pregnancy, late rubella virus infection, may affect fetal central nervous system development and function of the ear.
CMV is a direct effect on the embryo through the placenta barrier, infection sooner, the greater the risk. The most common deformity is a small head, small eyes, hydrocephalus, congenital deafness, mental retardation and so on. The virus in the population prevalence is higher.
Herpes simplex virus often caused by small head, small eyes, short (toe), cardiac malformations, lens opacity and hydrocephalus, cerebral hypoplasia. This virus infection is high in the crowd.
Toxoplasma gondii, Treponema pallidum, etc. can also interfere with fetal development, especially syphilis can damage the placenta, embryo direct infection, interfere with fetal development, causing hydrocephalus, dental abnormalities, congenital deafness, mental retardation and so on. The specific mechanism of intrauterine infection affect fetal growth and development because of different pathogenic microorganisms infections varies. Fever inhibit fetal growth and even lead to embryonic malformations.
drug
It is known that there are a variety of drugs can cause human fetal growth retardation, such as ethanol, anesthetics, phenobarbital, folic acid antagonists, such as prednisone. Methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, cyclophosphamide and other anticancer drugs can cause a variety of deformities. Certain antibiotics have teratogenic effects on fetal development, such as tetracycline can cause fetal enamel hypoplasia. Pregnancy large doses, long-term injection of streptomycin, can interfere with embryonic listen to organ development, congenital deafness occurs. Early pregnancy, long-time application of sex hormones, may interfere with the normal differentiation of embryonic reproductive system, reproductive system and even lead to deformity.
Tobacco and alcohol
Excessive drinking during pregnancy can cause a variety of abnormalities, called fetal alcohol syndrome, which is mainly manifested growth retardation, small head, small eyes, short eye fissure, from small eyes, mental retardation, heart and joint malformations. Statistics show that mild and moderate drinkers during pregnancy, fetal growth retardation rate of 7% to 8%; heavy drinkers, the incidence of fetal growth retardation may be as high as 27%.
Smoking can cause reduced birth weight and height, and the number is proportional to the degree of reduction in smoking during pregnancy. Teratogenic effects of smoking more and more people pay attention to, severe cases lead to fetal death and miscarriage.
Epidemiological surveys show that the average weight of newborns born to smokers was significantly lower than non-smokers, smoking more, the lighter the weight of their newborns. Daily smoking less than 10 pregnant women, the incidence of fetal malformations increased risk of 10 percent non-smoking pregnant pregnant women smoking more than 30 a day, the risk of fetal malformation increase of 90%. Smoking is mainly due to nicotine and other substances placental vasoconstriction, fetal hypoxia ischemia, leading to fetal malformations.
Other harmful substances generated by smoking, such as cyanate, can also affect the normal development of the fetus. Pregnant women, passive smoking is also harmful to the fetus.
For proper development of the fetus during pregnancy to prevent the above factors, oh.
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