Humans in space, even the naked eye can see the Great Wall of argument on the moon, and the end result of Yang Liwei. October 2003, he returned from space, denied the myth. But the Great Wall in China's sacred status has not diminished, it remains one of the symbol of the spirit of the Chinese nation.
Monument to fear
In Chinese history, the Great Wall was not always noble, positive image. Period since Qin Shi Huang, the legend of Meng Jiang crying the Great Wall began, whether in civil or literati's pen, the Great Wall is the border killed more often, a symbol of hard labor levy issued.
The "Great Wall of Cave horses Line" in the title of the poem, the first in history actually there are dozens of much. From Pi, Tang Li Shimin of the three countries, to Zhao Bing Wen Song era, are the three basic tone of Chen Lin "Jun Great Wall was gone, the bones of the dead with the brace." Actually writing these poems of the era, rather than the war occurred in the Central Plains frontier.
After Manqingruguan to Mongolian Marriage and proactive way to secure the border, never built the Great Wall, naturally despise the Great Wall, the height of the Emperor Qianlong Wenzhiwugong is typical.
Kangxi had "thousands of miles run to the sea shore, have hair by pompous tone, when students racked their resources, and the world did they belong Seoul home" and Qianlong also "Kim Yong jian meandering lean, imagine garrison was strict, but intends to remove Tianjiao Modu, that grievances known extraction Penpower "verse.
Of course, such a long history, it is impossible not to praise the Great Wall to resist foreign efficacy verses, such as Fortress Poetry Chu people have had contained "Qin built the Great Wall than Iron, Fan Rong dare not too Lintao," the sentence. But compared to the Great Wall will be regarded as a symbol of tyranny and war poems, they are not only less, but not circulated widely for.
Since the Qin Shi Huang, in addition to Tang, Song and Qing dynasties did not build the Great Wall, the most dynasties in Chinese history has a large-scale construction of the Great Wall of behavior. Even after the establishment of the Central Plains Jurchen Jin Dynasty, Mongolia, to guard against the barbarians, also in the far north of the Great Wall built.
But ultimately failed to prevent the Great Wall five barbarians, Mongolia, China Jurchen invasion led to the sink and the tragic history of the descendants of its impact on perception. Lu Xun in its "Great Wall" in an article, commented: "In fact, however, never die in vain labor of many workers only, why resist barbarian."
To the modern, Western powers have guns weapon invasion from the sea, the Great Wall more defense lost function, become completely useless historical sites. At this time, the Great Wall began to Westerners know, and soon had the Great Wall of existing relevant works of the Great Wall of study and research in more detail than the Chinese.
Although the Great Wall of China a huge project, but its overall rating of the West is not very high, that they can not be compared with the pyramids far on engineering.
French thinker Voltaire the Great Wall the most rude, but the evaluation was the most accurate: "China in the Christian era, two centuries before us, it is building the Great Wall, but it has not stopped the invasion of the Tatars of the Great Wall of China is the fear of the monument. , the pyramids of Egypt are empty and superstitious monuments. they prove that this nation great endurance, rather than outstanding talent. "
However, around the 1930s, Japan China showed imminent aggression ambition was sent into the sky peril gratitude national sentiment, arouse an urgent need for a public symbol for thousands of years as the Great Wall of defense who was only re-engineering concern.
The moon can see the Great Wall of argument, just imported from overseas at this time since the early 1930s have been widely popular. "Hu diary whole series (1931-1937)" mentions: "Brothers See a book on the French say, if people can go inside the moon, looking down on the earth building, only the Great Wall ......"
March 1933 to May, according to the Chinese army conveyed by the Great Wall, in the courtyard of the mouth, meaning oral cold gubeikou xifengkou other places with the invading Japanese army fought a bloody war, this war is called the "Great War." May 1935, the movie "Children of" release, the film by the composer Nie Er, Tian Han lyricist of "Anthem" passed down the country, the lyrics of "flesh and blood of our new Great Wall" to complete the upgrade of the Great Wall national spirit of refining.
Thus, the Great Wall from thousands of years of fear monument gained height equal status with national totem of the Yellow River, Yangtze River, sublimation Peoples united, will never yield a symbol of national spirit outside disgrace.
Steppe violence neighbors
Great Wall of China is not unique to defense projects. Starting Yaoutailu the easternmost of the Korean Peninsula, the history of the Great Wall built in the region in turn are: North Korea, China, India, Iran, southern Russia, South-East Europe has been to Germany, its westernmost British north of Hadrian Great Wall.
Why is there such an east-west corridor of the Great Wall? Perhaps with Japan Lishixuejia Tadao Umesao "ecological civilization" theory point of view, the easiest to explain. This view also explains why China built the Great Wall around the longest and most consuming of manpower and resources.
Tadao Umesao to Yaoutailu hinterland grassland areas as the center, will be divided into three Yaoutailu civilization ecosystem.
From Hinggan Mountains to South-East Europe steppe, being Tadao Umesao as a source of violence, the three regions of human civilization. And with neighboring China, Russia, India, the Mediterranean - the Islamic world, is unfortunate, "second world" because they are violent direct grassland looted objects. Western Europe and Japan, due to the nomads away, is superior in the "first world."
Tadao Umesao civilized ecological theory to explain the different historical evolution: the "second world" to those who have a splendid culture and ancient civilization, because of the threat of violence to deal with prairie, and the impact suffered direct invasion, almost all become unified autocratic country.
The "first world" Although culturally backward, but there is no threat of violence prairie, forming nations and princes lined packet system, it is easier transition to modern industrial and commercial society.
If the Great Wall is currently the world's known mass drawn on the map, it is generally difficult to find the Yaoutailu settled agricultural civilization and mobile grassland farming civilization or semi-civilized separate semi-hunting, which is Tadao Umesao Third World and a second boundary line civilized world.
Central Plains civilization is north Menggugaoyuan, Tadao Umesao has especially emphasized, is the center of the Eurasian steppe zone of violence, is a demon lair. For two millennia, the nomadic steppe appears powerful empire almost all born here, and as a rule the center. This may explain why the next Menggugaoyuan of the Central Plains, the Great Wall is built into most areas of effort.
Close to North Koreans in China, put on the Great Wall is not less than the Chinese. Great Wall North Korea has two, one is the eleventh century to guard against the Khitan, by the command of Liu Shao built. It is from the Yalu River to the Sea of Japan, a total length of 370 km, from the stone. Also a little shorter, the fifteenth century building.
India's existing Great Wall is not only to save the world today, the most complete of the Great Wall, and the volume is also the most magnificent. This is located in the northern Indian state of Rajasthan of the Great Wall, the fifteenth century by a dynasty of Meiwa Er Rana Kumbha built, it has been used against the famous Akbar.
The length of the Great Wall of China second only to Iran, the earliest dating back to the legend of Chinese Qin and Han Dynasties. It is mainly built between the fifth century to the seventh century, and the Central Plains same Sassanids also use it to prevent the Huns and Ye da man. Today it has become disconnected paragraphs, the longest period of close to 200 kilometers.
The aggressive Russia had enjoyed the Great Wall. The Great Wall and other countries more than in the Northern Territory the contrary, the Russian border in the south of the Great Wall, as the Eurasian steppes of Russia (Russia in the traditional sense) south - nomadic invaders from the southeast.
Russian first Great Wall is in the "red sun" Grand Duke (reigned 980-1015) era. This article was first Great Wall is located in the Dnieper River in the West Bank, the first in the Sura River, it is a simple one, but it was Ross (formerly the Russian Empire) population of only 6 million, to complete such a project is not easy.
Russia's most famous Great Wall is "Tula abatis." It is named after the center of Tula. "Tula abatis" is mainly set up by the abatis, and so on from the trunk, between the fortress to the castle. The construction of the Great Wall is probably along the Oka River, east of Ryazan, west to , by the famous Ivan the Terrible (1530-1584) built.
At that time, have been equipped with gunpowder weapons Russians, nomadic people has a huge advantage. However, the Russians and the elimination of the Kazan Khanate two smaller, face greater Crimean Khanate, still had to take the defensive.
When Qingjunruguan 1644, the Russians also faced pressure nomadic invasion harassment. Russians again for this massive defense construction, built 26 fortified city, the construction of multi-line of defense. Where up to 800 km Ergeluode defense do the most vast, it is west of the Dnieper River tributary volts Ersikela Ahmad season Lorca, by the other Ergeluode, Woluonieshen, Keziluofu the most .
The optimal choice of people to settle
Built the Great Wall to deal with barbarians, seems to be a universal value cold weapons to abide by civilized people. Whether to build the Great Wall of whether there is proactive spirit irrelevant.
To guard against the North Germanic barbarians, the Roman Empire began building in the year 1985 in the northern jungles of the Great Wall, the total length of about 550 kilometers. Today's section is located in southern Germany Pfalz, Hesse, Baden-Wuerttemberg and Bavaria territory. This section of the Great Wall called Roman boundary wall.
AD 98 to 117 years of the reign of Trajan, the Roman Empire territory extended to the maximum, he conquered Dacia empire northeast (now Romania) later, here left the Great Wall of Trajan, Trajan successor Hadrian (117 -138 years reign) in the north of England left Hadrian's Wall. Roman Empire's most vulnerable have a capacity of three directions Great Wall protection.
Unlike the Gobi desert and mountains and more in the Great Wall of China, Rome and the barbarians natural territory mostly dense forest. Its Great Wall fortification is a complex project, in addition to walls, stone walls, there are trenches, fences, which combined with the fixed presence of anti-whistle barracks.
Yes, the Great Wall failed to protect the Roman Empire and the Han Empire, the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire two hundred years after the construction of the Great Wall, they are the sudden wave of barbarians drowned. When Attila the grasslands, this time Genghis Khan "Scourge of God" (meaning God of civilized punishment), the Great Wall can not really protect national security.
But the construction of the Great Wall, in order to prevent the enemy never captured the country, but to prevent the robbery for the purpose of the invasion.
The Great Wall is a clear delineation of the two civilizations mark territory and the actual control area. It is built mostly in residential areas outside the civilized settlement that the front of the barrier defense projects, in the space of their own residents is a positive buffer. As a forward base to take the initiative when, to facilitate the large-scale assembly of persons and goods as close as possible in front of the location.
Start the seventeenth century, when Russia began to expand eastwards, is a small group of troops employed along the way to the fortress built to continue moving forward, one by one along the Khanate down in front of the expeditionary force who are often only a few hundred people. This is when the Northern Song Dynasty and Western Xia war and to continue to build the fortress of oppression and restriction of the Western Xia army mobility similar thinking.
Even the dominant military power in a proactive manner discipline barbarians, it is difficult to stop the other side received sporadic invasion robbery effect.
Han Dynasty Northern Expedition Hun run to power of the country, although Weiqing, Huo and so has a large number of Huns eliminate the main, but the Chinese empire itself even more traumatized, unable to fight another day. Twenty years later, the strength of a slight recovery of letting Hun Han has suffered a major failure. Sporadic harassment invasion also remains the same.
Similarly, although at the time of the Roman Empire gains a lot of initiative, but also found that the construction of a barbarian difficult to climb the Great Wall, much more than in the vast desert or to search for enemies in uninhabited forest, the cost is lower.
Whether the grasslands erratic nomadic people are still hard to find in the Black Forest in tribes, they too are fighting a combination of production and life, into low cost wartime. If the organization settled civilization crusade against large armies, cost and extremely costly.
Thus, the construction of the Great Wall, is the most embodies the nation settled financial and material resources and technological advantages of military means.
Ray Huang, Mr. Wu Si Ming Dynasty as an example to have calculated the cost of the Great Wall. Mr. Wu Si is calculated, approximately 1 mile from the construction of the Great Wall to spend two silver 7542, while the army set off, eighty men spent a year is 9.79 million taels of silver, it is enough to build 1300 miles of the Great Wall.
In this view, the Great Wall in northern China some sections of the rough and ready, but the lack of tools nomadic people, is still difficult to climb - it is enough to dispel those small tribal chieftains small-scale invasion of random thoughts.
Even greater power on the prairie, at the edge of large-scale criminal invaders, can only choose the most likely to break lots, demolition of walls awkward hard to open a gap. This makes the nomadic invasions in place and time there is a pattern: mostly choose the cooler weather of the season.
Unless nomadic people determined to seize the country, the destruction of settled civilization, the Great Wall will be able to greatly reduce the possibility of damage being robbed Plains. Under normal circumstances but, content with occasional Bedouin robbery in order to improve the quality of life, is not eager for sedentary people bustling wealthy country and regime.
200 BC, Liu Bang and under the command of 20 million people is surrounded by the White Huns mountaineering, 615 AD Emperor parade Yanmengou surrounded by Turks, AD 626 Emperor Wei will be the bridge Riding Jie Li Khan - are wasted opportunity nomadic people.
So why the powerful Huns, Turks gave up the chance to win the Central Plains of the country, while the Mongols and Jurchen did not stop at the regularly looted wealth? Please draw readers sequel "Who waving Scourge of God."
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