Chang'an wide road so considered by many to be only suitable for car review cityscape, but against humanity design - not only pedestrians walked across the road is difficult, and no one stays for the whole street, stop, rest The place. But China city new street all in line to Chang'an Avenue. Skyscraper China also have the same characteristics, it is suitable distance, as the city's calling card. For passing pedestrians do not have any friendship.
If China's skyscrapers, like Manhattan, New York as densely put together, might be the case: the narrow streets will become desperate, did not see the sun parking lot, as pedestrians, either sewn the squeeze out, or simply in the ground can all walk - Manhattan pedestrian density is much higher than the Chinese metropolis.
However, the streets of Manhattan, but often there is sunlight - back guarantee Desktop rise building illumination path of the sun, the streets are very pedestrian-friendly, skyscrapers have precious underlying hollow, as pedestrians, public open space, narrow In fact the street is widened.
This feature of New York, from aerial photographs and even a recognizable - lined with tall buildings downtown Manhattan mostly shoots like a retreat desktop towers.
What is the reason, let the sun hit from the rise of the slit on the streets of New York, to allow developers to give up the luxury of building on the ground floor "kind" to consider the needs of pedestrians?
Difficult words make it clear why. New York government, developers, architects are more interactive, after a century, to complete such a friendly, restraint, gentle architectural style.
Clouds of Manhattan
Early 20th century, the rapid development of New York City, have invested in real estate in Manhattan, many Skyscrapers.
Lot fiery nature expensive, developers for economic reasons, architects proposed at that time very challenging requirements - higher construction height, the largest skyscrapers.
Aesthetic point of view, this is a disaster - Manhattan urban land are bloated, huge building body mass filled narrow streets space throughout the year without seeing the light, dark, cramped, the air is very turbid, deteriorating urban environment.
Hang Seng famous ugly building project (Equitable Building, 1912-1915), is one of the representatives of the architectural style of the time. Its volume was amazing, a huge body mass, not only blocking the surrounding land architectural lighting and ventilation, the capacity to transport 1.3 million people, services are not a small pressure. In winter, the Hang Seng Building, forming an area of up to 2.6 hectares of shadows, equivalent to six times its own area, a direct result of surrounding land office rental rate.
New York City is acutely aware of this problem. In 1916, New York introduced a bill Division (1916 Zoning Resolution), aims to curb this trend greedy grab space.
Zoning Act expressly provides for a block in building height and massing standards - real estate developers in a certain height limits on land holding of 100% of the building exceed this height, should be allowed space out the side of the height if higher, continue to allow the area. Only building volume to sell to a certain extent, that is the planar area of the main building is less than 25% of the land area, it does not have to continue to retreat.
This part of the environment to improve the streets of Manhattan, after architectural form becomes somewhat restrained, elegant up - from the roof, square box shape, the hillside like a drop-out transition.
Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building and other buildings is typical desktop retreat. This architectural form, been dubbed the "wedding cake" or "Babylon pyramid."
Nearly 40 years after the enactment of zoning, the newly built skyscrapers in New York are all the layers back. Therefore, the streets retain some sunshine. In contrast, early New York bill effectively alleviate the urban high-rise disease.
If you have been the case, they should be occupied by the Empire State Building in Manhattan, and a similar retreat desktop architecture will become a unified architectural style in New York, New York lawmakers should be pleased.
Until 1952, a very creative architect with a new program, skillfully blend Act requires construction beauty, business needs in one, leading the architectural fashion of the mid-20th century Manhattan.
This is the Lever House.
Two towers and its advocacy style
Initially, Lihua companies to architect Bunshaft (Gordon Bunshaft) proposed public service requirements: to the community, as far as possible to facilitate pedestrians.
Bunshaft (Gordon Bunshaft) carefully studied the 1916 zoning bill soon in the "area of less than 25% of the land no longer required to back Taiwan" requirement to find a breakthrough. His new design scheme, will account for 25% of the entire land area of the strip as the main plane, thus liberated "back rule" as defined in the Empire State Building architectural form.
Pure and simple structured box, unique stretch of Park Avenue at the time, "wedding cake" in.
In addition, with the developers to seize the corner, a different standard practice to compete for the area, Lever House podium bottom corner of the space let out, in which the arrangement of chairs, plants, and let pedestrians cross the open courtyard.
Such intimate and convenient than ever. You can even do not need to pay any price, in this shelter, leisure, entertainment. Garden design has been extended to the foyer of the building, greatly strengthened the building interior and exterior spaces of integration and contact, but also makes this place pleasant courtyard environment become street space, interior office space buffer and transition.
Of course, the contribution of Lever House building better known, is the world's first high-rise building glass curtain wall. In short, this unassuming, friendly and beautiful works of far-reaching Berlin Europa Center and other buildings is to follow later Lever House.
Park Avenue in Manhattan (Park Avenue) was destined to lead the wave of construction. Lever House of Seagram Building Street, soon broke the retreat desktop architecture, to some extent, even more beautiful.
Seagram Building (Seagram Building) is recognized as the functionalist aesthetic and a great example of Modernist style. It was built in 1958, high 516 feet (157.3 meters), a total of 38 layers.
In order not to use back in the form of stereotyped station, with Philip? Johnson (Philip Johnson) along the side of the Seagram Building on Park Avenue its designer Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe) overall back, and in the land of compromise designed urban public square, set square marble seats south and north sides arranged two rectangular pool, around the pool, every summer, men and women gathered beside the fountains become urban vitality corner of the square naturally become a popular gathering area.
At the same time, the designer on the facade of the language used Mies classic approach, and across the street "tennis racket" club (Italian Revival facade) formed a good relationship of dialogue - that is, taking into account not only the individual's own design aesthetic, but also fully respect the use of the de facto architecture community, good interaction with the elements of the design of the building across the street.
Therefore, the Seagram Building and Lever House together for decades to become a model in New York City skyscraper construction for the later architects direction.
However, the architects of innovation soon got the attention of a familiar force - New York City. A construction by the wave, and soon changed the incentive bill.
New normal stable
In 1961, as a response to the creativity of the architect, New York City enacted Related Bills: If the developer uses such as urban retreat into the public space design, and therefore they will get some reward (bonus content to allow additions 20% of the floor area).
How developers will hate this bill do? Thus, the Manhattan urban space more and more diverse and comfortable. However, the bill only provides for concession award, very few people focus on operating this concession space until Citibank Tower (Citigroup Center) took over the building of innovation transfer rods.
And Lever House, the Seagram Building, similar, Citibank Tower, also designed for the urban space strenuous mind, it is more generous - this will be used as the bottom layer of nearly 10 floors valuable office space are discarded, leaving only the central square tube and core support column structure located four directions.
Although this approach to the structure at the time of the construction of enormous challenges, its effect is very good - as if the concrete jungle cave dug a rest. Further, the west side of the Citibank tower overhead, and built a sunken plaza, accompanied by cascading green landscape and become Lexington Avenue (Lexington Ave) and on the corner of 53rd Street intersection pleasant.
Meanwhile, the northwest corner of the land as a church, is located just below the tower held aloft. Podium mall architectural form also cleverly combined with the bottom of the tower overhead to back Taiwan from west to east in the form of progressive layers, green roofs back on stage for the plaza, churches, retail stores, office buildings and subway entrance foyer of integration urban space for more sunshine and vitality.
New York Architecture critic Paul Goldberg spoke highly of Citigroup Tower: "The seventies New York's most important building is the Citibank Tower, not only because of its impressive appearance, but also because it radically and Urban binding. "Citibank Tower designer Hugh Stubbins (Hugh Stubbins, Jr) and therefore known as" landmark architect. "
However, behind this innovation, in fact, there is a bill to modify the impact. In 1961, the award issued by the New York City public space design compromise bill, the public space is not a clear business side, many skyscrapers simply covered with tiles, and then add one or at most a few pieces of sculpture, called "square", but also just enlarged city sidewalks, and only the cold splicing machinery construction interface, the effect is greatly reduced.
New York City in 1976 realized this, adjust the original legislation that would require compliance by the concession of public spaces supporting developers operating specifications, configurations, such as trees and landscaping, public phone booths, casual seating and the like.
Act to make adjustments later construction of buildings (including the Citibank Tower, 1976) to build its attention to sell the space, a group of vibrant street casual place so was born.
This is a Manhattan skyscraper-intensive, have made an exception pedestrian comfort reasons. It's like a surprise multi-party interaction, full of uncertainty, in fact, very few cities lucky enough to have such excellent architects, municipal planners, developers. Therefore, this urban landscape is extremely difficult to copy.
(Author: Shi-lun)
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