Human dependence Living Planet Earth because humans richer. In recent years, global warming, deterioration of air quality, soil pollution, over-exploitation and other conditions of Ziranziyuan to human life and damage caused Ziranhuanjing and threats.
Earth Day (World Earth Day), is a worldwide environmental activities. April 22, 1970, in the United States, Gaylord Nelson and Denis Hayes of initiatives and organizations, the United States hundreds of thousands of people involved in this important event, "Earth Day", calling for the creation of a clean, simple, peaceful living environment. In April 22, 1990, more than 140 countries around the world, more than 200 million people participated in the activities of the "Earth Day". Since 1990, our country will be "Earth Day" to commemorate the campaign year.
Earth is home, she not only rich resources nurtured all things, but also created a number of stunning natural wonders, Bing Talin is one of them. In the past 50 years, Everest (hereinafter referred to as "Everest") North Slope Bing Talin is quietly changing, which is global warming have a certain relationship. Earth Day on the occasion of the arrival in 2015, I hope this article can raise awareness of the planet's attention and protection.
Three memorable line of Bing Talin
Bing Talin low-latitude glaciers in the Northern Hemisphere is a region of special natural phenomenon, human nature is to create a magnificent spectacle, the northern slope of Mount Everest Bing Talin is representative and landscape. Since 1966, I have because of the need of scientific investigation, had investigated eight times into the Everest region, where in 1966, before and after 1975 and the spring of 1980 three times into the Bing Talin region.
Spring 1966, I first came to the northern slope of Mount Everest scientific expedition. In late May day, I accompanied three other teammates into the Rongbuk Glacier in 5300 ~ 5600 meters above sea level areas, collecting ice samples.
I was then 26 years old, young, curious, Bing Talin entering the zone, almost every step has a new landscape shocked me. One high ice tower like a camel, deep ice cave giant mouth like a dragon, reclined on the hill "ice penholder" are unprecedented spectacle. Near an altitude of 5600 meters, a level of scattered Bing Talin show in my eyes, as if Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale ice palace.
The spring of 1975, my second visit to the northern slope of Mount Everest expedition. In mid-March, I was led to the Rongbuk Glacier, with the Xinhua News Agency news and sports newspaper reporter shot photos. At an altitude of 5300 meters, we enter the glacier area, the scenery along the way Bing Talin attracted everyone. When approaching an altitude of 5400 meters, in front of a spectacular picture of our eyes solidification lived: the wide glacial lake in the sunlight gleaming glacial lake is surrounded by more than a dozen tall Bing Talin, visual height of up to 50 meters, in front of his teammates that walked through it, this scene makes me unforgettable.
1980 4-5 months, I led the scientific expedition in the northern slope of Mount Everest. Same period, the Shanghai Science and Education Film Studio film "Chinese glacier" popular science in the northern slope of Mount Everest glacier area. Was in line with the science film shoot, I took seven expedition members from an altitude of 5,300 meters Pass, 5900 meters above sea level over the camp, 6000 meters above sea level directly to the Bing Talin region, and returned the same day in base camp. The event, although the task is arduous, but fortunately near misses. At that time, time is too tight, I have no more time to enjoy Bing Talin and take pictures, but my feeling tells me that Bing Talin and similar situation in 1975.
Later, my teammates had in 1990, 1992, 2004 and the spring of 2005 to enter the northern slope of Mount Everest Bing Talin region. While we have the scientific investigation and study, but also filmed at different times Bing Talin photos. Careful study of these photos can be seen from several decades Bing Talin itself changes.
Interpretation magical magnificent Bing Talin
Everest North Slope Bing Talin very spectacular. So, if all glaciers have such a magical beautiful Bing Talin it? The answer is no.
Glacier geomorphologists Wang Fu Bao, Zong too, Shi Yafeng, etc. In the "Everest region Scientific Survey Report (1966 to 1968) - Modern and glacial geomorphology," a book that massive Bing Talin scene is just located in the lower latitudes and Himalaya special glacial landforms wonders Karakoram mountains, and in the higher latitudes of the Kunlun mountains, the Tianshan mountains, Kilimanjaro and the Andean region of South America's low latitudes near the equator, although there are some similar hill-shaped ice snow hills or column, but no large-scale emergence of Bing Talin.
Why Everest North Slope Bing Talin it would be so strange?
According to Wang Fu Bao ice Geomorphologists like articles, a comprehensive meteorologist relevant observations on Everest, I think, like the formation of the northern slope of Mount Everest as a mix of Bing Talin, must have the following three conditions:
1. have the appropriate slope terrain, glaciers can help produce a variety of folding and faulting of the state during the movement to form the prototype of Bing Talin. In general, the slope should be 15 to 30 ; slope exceeds 30 , or even more, on a waterfall the slope is less than 15 , the glaciers will not folds and faults.
2. In the ablation season, solar radiation have appropriate and adequate sun elevation angle (70 ~ 80 ), in order to make the ice melt in different parts of different, especially such low ice recesses accepted more heat ablation strong, gradually formed tower of ice scattered high and low.
3. In the ablation season, to the dry climate, ice tower was prone to the phenomenon of sublimation (ie directly from a solid into a gas state). And in different wind speed at different heights ice tower prototype, can make different heights of a solid to a gas amount is significantly different, it is easy to form the level of scattered strange appearance.
These three conditions, the first condition is easily satisfied, but the second and third conditions is not easy. For example, in low-latitude regions, too strong solar radiation, solar elevation angle is too high, it is easy to melt ice, melting ice in different parts of the less difficult to form the level of scattered Bing in the high latitudes of the Arctic , solar radiation is too weak, too low elevation, is not easy to form the level of scattered Bing Talin, but common glacier.
TIPS: Everest North Slope has a unique formation conditions Bing Talin
According to meteorologists glacier observation, the northern slope of Mount Everest at an altitude of 5300 to 6000 meters, the movement of glaciers formed folds and faults often form a Bing Talin shape. Spring and summer, solar radiation, and solar elevation angle is 70 ~ 80 , easy exposure to different parts of the ice, especially in low recesses. Winds vary widely at different heights ice, wind speed wind speed comparable to the lowest point of the ice surface at the top by 2 to 4 times. Wind speed, the greater the amount of ice gasification, spent a lot of heat, heat the remaining amount of ice melt is very the smaller the wind speed, the smaller the calories consumed, the greater the amount of ice melt. This level of ice melting at the difference, so that the ice tower higher and higher, more and more strange shape, creating the northern slope of Mount Everest Bing Talin wonders.
The relationship between climate warming and the northern slope of Mount Everest Bing Talin change
Everest North Slope region (northern slope of Mount Everest base camp at a distance of about 60 km Tingri station represented) from 1971 to 2009 in 39 years, the temperature increase of 0.90 (Table 1, Figure 1). Everest North Slope warming for Bing Talin have been affected? We interpret the causes of Bing Talin presumably some clues.
We know that low-latitude glaciers Bing Talin is the special geographical phenomena, one of the main reasons is closely related to the intensity of solar radiation, and the difference in low-latitude and low latitude solar radiation has mainly reflected in different temperatures. With Everest climate warming, which is equivalent to the northern slope of Mount Everest latitude reduced, slowly approaching the temperature condition lower latitudes. Therefore, Bing Talin melting will gradually increase, appear magnificent Bing Talin altitude gradually increased.
Here we will discuss the relationship between each other by temperature changes and historical data Everest of Bing Talin.
1966 to 1980: Everest North Slope Bing Talin well developed, Bing Talin height in 30 ~ 50 meters, the glacial lakes, ice mushrooms is widespread, and that during this period there is no temperature change.
1981 to 1990: Everest Bing Talin did not change significantly, Bing Talin height of 30 meters.
1992: at an altitude of 6000 meters Bing Talin already Melting ice melted to form a tower of ice hanging.
2004: In 2004, China Association for Scientific Expedition Everest cleaning activities, taken to an altitude of 6400 meters Bing Talin, obviously, on the one hand, some local melting, on the other hand, ice tower height is significantly reduced.
2005: In 2005, the northern slope of Mount Everest Bing Talin change greater, with an altitude of 5900 meters Bing Talin collapse phenomenon, glacial lake begins to melt, glacial lake 5,300 meters above sea level has been completely melted, forming a lake, Everest reflection faintly visible.
Comparing the photo and compare the information in Table 1, we can see that, in the 1970s and 1980s, the northern slope of Mount Everest ground temperature is low, the annual average temperature of 2.7 , Bing Talin development during good shot , reach more than 50 m height, wonderful, majestic. Since the 1890s, the northern slope of Mount Everest rapid temperature rise, increased 0.4 20 years, to the first 10 years of the 21st century, the temperature is further increased up to 0.5 . Accordingly, the northern slope of Mount Everest Bing Talin melt gradually collapse, especially in 2004 and 2005 photographs, the melting and collapse phenomena are very significant elevation of 5900 meters Bing Talin collapse, melting glacial lake in the spring and summer.
The above might indicate that surface air temperature variations affect Bing Talin seemed to place some time difference, that is, to other ground temperatures a few years later, Bing Talin melt and collapse phenomenon gradually manifested.
By analyzing the period from 1966 to 2005, the northern slope of Mount Everest Bing Talin changes and temperature changes in the relationship, we can easily see the Everest region Bing Talin warming is melting the main reason for the collapse. If you want to make the northern slope of Mount Everest Bing Talin magnificent landscape restoration, I am afraid to wait for the coming cold weather here, back to the situation 20 1960s and 1970s when the job. The gradual disappearance of the northern slope of Mount Everest Bing Talin wonders for our wake-up call to bind his human behavior as much as possible, take the initiative and effective energy conservation, climate change is not possible waves.
(Author: Gordon justice, Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences researcher)
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